Introduction
Political, economic, and state formations, in short, every human creation has a history situated in time and space…. The hindsight and comparative analysis of ancient and current political formations can reveal surprising parallelisms. Let us take the cases of the Kingdom of the Hyksos (1630-1530 BCE – Before the Common Era) in Pharaonic Egypt and the State of Israel (1917-2024).
The Hyksos Kingdom (1630-1530 BCE)
There are multiple scholarly versions – historical, archaeological, oral traditions – on the history of the Hyksos, their settlement in the eastern flank of the
Nile Delta where they founded the Kingdom of Avaris of the XVth Dynasty. This is a population of West Asian origin – Canaanite – initially nomadic shepherds who would have gradually infiltrated the Nile Delta during the « Second Intermediate Period » marking the weakening of the Pharaonic administration of Egypt, and managed to take power and create an independent kingdom. In another version, the kings of the XVth dynasty of Canaanite origin invaded and then occupied the eastern flank of the Nile Delta, reigning from their capital Avaris – excavated today by an Austrian team – for 108 years… The delta was reconquered by Pharaoh Ahmose I (1540-1525 BCE) of the XVIIIth dynasty towards the end of his reign and the Hyksos elites expelled from Egypt…
There are therefore 2 versions, not necessarily incompatible, of the formation of the Hyksos Kingdom: a version based on infiltration, progressive increase of the foreign population, transformation of nomadic shepherds into sedentary farmers, then seizure of power, on the one hand, and a version of military conquest with seizure of power and domination of the local population.
The biblical version presented in the Book of Genesis (verse 37, then 39-50), resulting from the transcription of Hebrew oral traditions, is in terms of a process set in motion compatible with the version of infiltration, presented above… Without going into details, Joseph, one of the 12 sons of Jacob and the favorite of his parents is sold as a slave to Bedouins passing by his jealous brothers. He explains the disappearance of the latter by pretending that he was killed by wild beasts. Joseph had premonitory dream abilities… He came out of prison to explain to the Pharaoh the meaning of his strange dreams… “7 Years of Fat Cows and & Years of Lean Cows”. Pharaoh appoints Joseph “Vizier = Prime Minister” and charges him with preparing the nation for the “Lean Years”……All is well, Joseph brings all his people to Egypt where they live for 4 centuries…. The episode of the expulsion of the Hyksos – Canaanites – is narrated in the book of Exodus…# Hyksos vs Israel: II
A History lesson:
Every colonization enterprise has an end…. After 108 years according to historical chronology, or 4 centuries according to Biblical chronology, Pharaonic Egypt has recovered all of its territory..
The State of Israel in Palestine (1917-2024)
Theodore Herzl, journalist and lawyer [Lawyer] (1860-1904), is a political activist and founder of the Zionist organization. He devoted his life to promoting Jewish immigration to Palestine in order to create a Jewish state there. To this end, he published his Zionist Manifesto “Der Judenstadt” – The Jewish State – in 1896 and established contacts with European leaders, particularly the British, to promote his project. He is the only person explicitly mentioned in the Declaration of Independence of the State of Israel as “author of the vision of the State of Israel proclaimed in 1948, in the wake of a systematically programmed ethnic cleansing – Al Nakba –
Chaim A. Weizmann (1874-1952) president of the Zionist Organization and First President of the State of Israel (1949-1952) succeeded in obtaining the Balfour Declaration of November 2, 1917 in which the British government through the voice of Lord Arthur James Balfour – Prime Minister from 1902 to 1905, then Secretary of the Foreign Office – Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1917 – recognized the right of Jews to found a national home in Palestine. The British will then use the Mandate for the administration of Palestine and Trans-jordan granted by the League of Nations (SDN) to facilitate the settlement in Palestine of European Jews, victims of pogroms, a movement accelerated and amplified by the Nazi Genocide of European Jews.
The process of creation the State of Israel follows a trajectory homologous to that of the Hyksos Kingdom….A foreign population inserts itself into an already inhabited space, gradually seizes it by different means, Herzl, Weizmann and Balfour playing roles equivalent to those of “Joseph” from the biblical book of Genesis…
The ambition of the Israeli Far Right to empty Palestine of the Palestinians, starting under the Ben Gurion administration and continuing today with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is only the logical continuation of the Zionist messianic project…. It can only be achieved through the implementation of ethnic cleansing and genocide as was done in the Americas and Australia. So far, the State of Israel has lasted for less then a century, much shorter than the Hyksos occupation, and a detail if I can use that expression if viewed from the long-term history perspective. In doing so, like the Hyksos, does Israel not risk being “vomited” or ejected from the Middle East????? 74 years of the history of a nation is like the beating of a butterfly’s wings…. A lot of suffering in fact for an entity doomed to transform itself always and always….
In the Irony of a fixist and teleological conception… of history, we cling to transitory mirages…. Millenarianism and ethnic-political Puritanism are the true foundations of all hegemonic enterprises…….
Racism, Supremacism, Apartheid and Genocide
In modern and contemporary history, the last 5 centuries are marked, initially by the rise in power of the countries of Western Eurasian Peninsula – Europe -, the military conquest of other nations lands and territories in all corners of the planet, and with a few exceptions, the total or partial domination of the entire Planet. Having declared themselves the “crème de la crème” of Human’s evolution, Europeans have decimated or attempted to decimate several populations around the world. This genocidal subconscious resurfaces in the context of the Israel-Palestine conflict…
Mrs. Michelle Salzman, Republican representative in the Florida legislature, simply wants all Palestinians in Gaza to be murdered.
Zooming back
In the 16 and 17th centuries, Europe, mired in endless religious wars, “outflowed” portions of its populations fleeing among other things religious persecutions.
North America
This is the case for the Mayflower Pilgrims who left Plymouth in England on September 16, 1620 and arrived in New England at Plymouth-Bay on December 21, 1620. On board were men, women and children from different backgrounds coming from England and the city of Leiden in The Netherlands. The reasons for the said pilgrims were multiple: some anticipated the possibility of building a better future for their family and the opportunity to discover new lands, while for others, the offer of freedom and adventure was too good to be forsaken.
Well received at first by the local populations —Myth of origin of “Thanks giving” — the descendants of these pilgrims, – The Famous “First Families”, today more than 30 million people can trace their ancestors down to the 102 passengers and approximately 30 crew members aboard the Mayflower when it landed in Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts, during the harsh winter of 1620, They later engaged in horrible massacres of the populations native-Americans, [sold to the world and celebrated by Hollywood movies] on the battlefields, but also through the transmission of diseases such as smallpox. A genocide in multiple forms accompanying land grabbing and the settlement of survivors in so-called “Reservations”.
The Conquistadors in the Caribbean and South America.
The Genocide of indigenous peoples, annihilated thousand-year-old civilizations, launched the conquest of a continent with unprecedented brutality. Results of this “black legend” of the conquistadors: 12 to 20 million Native Americans dead, massacred or victims of diseases brought by the Spaniards, destruction of Mayan, Aztec or Inca civilizations, looting of the riches of the subcontinent, of gold, silver… the Taino Indians of the Bahamas, estimated at around 50,000 at the arrival of the Spaniards, practically disappeared a century later. Between 1496 and 1570, the natives of Saint-Domingue, decimated by wars and diseases, went from 3.5 million to… 125! The lure of gain, was the principal motivation of most of the first conquistadors.
Africa and the Atlantic slave trade
The transatlantic slave trade can also be understood by its scale: over 366 years, European slavers took approximately 12.5 million Africans [The figures are strongly debated] onto Atlantic slave ships. About 11 million people survived the Middle Passage to land and live in the Americas. The transatlantic slave trade was an oceanic trade in African men, women, and children that lasted from the mid-16th century until the 1860s. European traders loaded African captives at dozens of points on the African coast, from Senegambia to Angola and around the Cape to Mozambique. The vast majority of captives came from West and Central Africa and Angola.
The Australian Aboriginal Genocide
Successive Australian governments have made numerous attempts to ignore the brutal colonization of Australia through the massacre of Aboriginal people. Despite their desire to hide the history of their barbaric acts, it cannot be denied that these crimes against humanity continue to occur. Countless stories of massacres were passed down from generation to generation during the early years of the invasion. Testimonies from settlers have been found in old journals and letters that provide a tragic insight into these early years. The worst crimes against humanity have certainly taken place in Australia. Entire communities were wiped out: shot, thrown off cliffs, burned alive or even poisoned with strychnine, a substance widely considered one of the most atrocious methods of death. It is even said that a settler who owned the Queensland station had nailed 40 pairs of native ears to the walls, like trophies.
And rather than recognizing these crimes perpetrated against the Aborigines, multiple policies sustain efforts to hide this dark period. The Australian education system is doing little better in highlighting these atrocities. ANZAC [for Australian and New Zealand Army Corps] Day, celebrated on April 25 each year among other places in Australia, still fails to release records referring to the Border Wars, although the War Memorial states that the day is to remember all wars. However, some things are much less easy to hide. There is a valuable bank of images from the turn of the century, showing a time when Australia was supposed to be “young and free”. However, these images are proof that the fate reserved for the natives was far from enviable, since they were systematically reduced to slavery or incarcerated.
The Hegemonic Syndrome
This history of European brutality towards the rest of Humanity without distinction is the background to Euro-United States attempts to anchor the Hegemony of Western governments over the rest of the World in eternity. – The End of History –. The Doctrine of Pre-emptive strike relied upon to destroy Iraq, NATO expansion, the attempted containment of China rise, the unconditional backing of Ukraine and Israel are part of that multi-prong strategy… The law of the United States Congress punishing/threatening African countries, the US military canvassing of the planet, etc…. are the manifestations of this hegemonic syndrome… Western Governments are trying to do everything to obstruct the emancipation of non-Western peoples…. The call for murder of all the 2.1 million Palestinians of Gaza by an American politician from Florida is not at all a slip of the tongue, it is, as Siegmund Freud would say, an irruption of the collective subconscious of a significant fraction of peoples of European descent worldwide. Containing China, Drowning Iran under sanctions, Threatening Africa with sanctions, attempts at Weakening the Russian Federation, etc. are derived from this phobia, a visceral fear of one day having to account for the crimes committed by European states and peoples against the rest of the world’s humanity….
The call for the murder of the 2.1 million Palestinians in Gaza by a Florida politician is not at all a slip of the tongue, but an irruption of the collective subconscious on the part of a fraction of the descendants of Europeans in the world, which arises from a visceral fear of being held responsible. crimes against humanity.
President Joe Biden has just repeated to anyone who will listen that the systematic destruction of the Gaza Strip, the blockade, the use of hunger, the indiscriminate bombardment with 2000 kg bombs, etc. are OK…. It’s not Genocide, even though Israeli leaders have proclaimed it loud and clear…. Their goal is to empty this territory of its humans, through exodus [impossible] or death…. Why were Europeans racist in their first contacts with the rest of the world? Why do they remain so today? Why do all Western states support the annihilation of the Palestinian people? Why do they consider Africa their property? The dominating fury has led to the hierarchization of human diversity, justifying the enslavement, the conquest, then the colonization of the rest of the World… The hegemonic impulses want to perpetuate this state, But it is hardly lost… The liberation struggle will be long but it will not stop…. The multipolar world in the making is the future of Humanity.
Why is the Western world obsessed with domination and appropriation? It is a question that deserved to be addressed systematically..
People’s Struggle goes on, 2025 is not 1948
Augustin F. C. Holl/Gao Chang
Distinguished Professor Emeritus
At Chasseneuil sur Bonnieure
October 4, 2025